Storage tank, atau tangki penyimpanan, merupakan salah satu komponen penting dalam berbagai industri, seperti minyak dan gas, kimia, petrokimia, dan lainnya. Tangki penyimpanan memiliki peranan yang sangat vital dalam menyimpan bahan-bahan cair atau gas dalam jumlah besar. Dalam artikel ini, kita akan membahas sejarah, pengertian sesuai API 650, tujuan dan fungsi, jenis dan klasifikasi, serta berbagai aspek lainnya mengenai storage tank.
Sejarah
Storage tank telah ada sejak zaman kuno. Seiring berjalannya waktu, kebutuhan akan penyimpanan bahan kimia, air, dan bahan bakar semakin meningkat, sehingga tangki penyimpanan mulai dikembangkan menjadi lebih canggih dan efisien. Seiring dengan kemajuan teknologi dan peningkatan kebutuhan industri, tangki penyimpanan telah mengalami berbagai perubahan dalam hal desain dan bahan pembuatannya.
Pengertian Storage Tank sesuai API 650
API 650 merupakan standar yang dikeluarkan oleh American Petroleum Institute (API) untuk merancang, membangun, menguji, dan menjaga storage tank berdinding dilas yang digunakan untuk menyimpan minyak, produk minyak, dan bahan kimia. Storage tank yang dirancang dan dibangun sesuai dengan API 650 harus memenuhi persyaratan kualitas, keselamatan, dan ketahanan yang ketat untuk menjaga integritas tangki dan melindungi lingkungan sekitar.
Tujuan dan Fungsi
Tujuan utama storage tank adalah untuk menyimpan bahan-bahan cair atau gas dalam jumlah besar, seperti minyak mentah, produk minyak, bahan kimia, air, dan lainnya. Fungsi storage tank meliputi penyimpanan sementara, penyangga antara proses produksi, distribusi dan konsumsi, serta pengendalian kualitas produk yang disimpan. Storage tank juga berperan dalam menjaga kestabilan tekanan dan suhu bahan yang disimpan.
Jenis dan Klasifikasi sesuai API 650
Dalam praktiknya, jenis tangki penyimpanan yang digunakan tergantung pada karakteristik cairan yang disimpan, termasuk titik nyala. Misalnya:
-
- Atmospheric Storage Tank (API 650): Cocok untuk menyimpan cairan dengan titik nyala di atas 100°F (38°C), seperti minyak pelumas, diesel, dan beberapa bahan kimia.
- Low Pressure Storage Tank (API 620): Cocok untuk menyimpan cairan dan gas dengan tekanan uap lebih tinggi, seperti amonia, propana, dan LPG, yang mungkin memiliki titik nyala lebih rendah atau lebih tinggi tergantung pada komposisi.
- High Pressure Storage Tank: Cocok untuk menyimpan gas yang dicairkan pada tekanan tinggi, seperti gas alam cair (LNG) atau oksigen cair, yang memiliki titik nyala sangat rendah atau tidak ada titik nyala.
Berikut ini beberapa jenis storage tank sesuai dengan API 650 dan API 620:
- Vertical Cylindrical Storage Tank: Tangki berbentuk silinder vertikal merupakan desain tangki penyimpanan yang paling umum digunakan. Desain ini meminimalkan luas permukaan tangki dan mengurangi potensi terjadinya korosi.
- Horizontal Cylindrical Storage Tank: Tangki berbentuk silinder horizontal sering digunakan untuk penyimpanan kapasitas kecil hingga menengah, seperti pada stasiun pengisian bahan bakar atau industri yang memerlukan penyimpanan sementara.
- Fixed Roof Storage Tank: Tangki dengan atap tetap adalah tangki penyimpanan yang memiliki atap yang menutupi bagian atas tangki dan tidak dapat bergerak. Atap tetap ini dapat berbentuk kerucut, kubah, atau datar, dan biasanya dilengkapi dengan ventilasi atau sistem pencegahan emisi.
- External Floating Roof Storage Tank: Tangki dengan atap mengapung eksternal memiliki atap yang dapat bergerak naik-turun sesuai dengan tingkat cairan dalam tangki. Atap mengapung ini terletak di atas cairan yang disimpan dan tidak memiliki penutup atap eksternal. Desain ini mengurangi emisi yang berasal dari penguapan cairan yang disimpan dan meminimalkan kehilangan produk akibat penguapan. External Floating Roof Storage Tank biasanya digunakan untuk penyimpanan cairan yang memiliki tekanan uap tinggi, seperti minyak mentah dan bensin.
- Internal Floating Roof Storage Tank: Tangki dengan atap mengapung internal juga memiliki atap yang dapat bergerak naik-turun sesuai dengan tingkat cairan dalam tangki. Namun, atap mengapung ini terletak di dalam tangki dan dilindungi oleh atap tetap eksternal. Desain ini memberikan perlindungan tambahan terhadap emisi dan menjaga kualitas produk yang disimpan. Internal Floating Roof Storage Tank sering digunakan untuk penyimpanan cairan yang memiliki tekanan uap tinggi dan sensitif terhadap kontaminasi, seperti produk kimia atau bahan bakar jet.
- Domed External Floating Roof Storage Tank: Tangki ini merupakan kombinasi dari tangki atap mengapung eksternal dan atap kubah tetap. Atap mengapung naik-turun sesuai dengan tingkat cairan dalam tangki, sementara atap kubah melindungi atap mengapung dari cuaca dan kondisi lingkungan. Desain ini mengurangi emisi, melindungi atap mengapung dari kerusakan, dan meminimalkan kehilangan produk akibat penguapan.
10 Kelebihan dan 10 Kekurangan Storage Tank
Kelebihan storage tank meliputi:
- Memiliki kapasitas penyimpanan yang besar
- Mampu menjaga kualitas produk yang disimpan
- Menyediakan penyangga antara proses produksi, distribusi, dan konsumsi
- Mudah dalam pemeliharaan
- Dapat dirancang sesuai kebutuhan
- Bahan konstruksi tangki yang tahan korosi
- Pemantauan tekanan dan suhu yang akurat
- Desain yang efisien untuk mengurangi emisi
- Desain yang aman untuk melindungi lingkungan sekitar
- Memenuhi standar kualitas dan keselamatan yang ketat, seperti API 650
Kekurangan storage tank meliputi:
- Biaya konstruksi yang tinggi
- Memerlukan lahan yang luas
- Resiko kebocoran dan pencemaran lingkungan
- Memerlukan inspeksi dan perawatan berkala
- Resiko terjadinya korosi
- Resiko terjadinya kebakaran atau ledakan
- Keterbatasan dalam penyesuaian desain
- Biaya operasional yang tinggi
- Kompleksitas dalam perizinan dan regulasi
- Potensi konflik dengan komunitas sekitar
Batasan sesuai API 650
API 650 memberikan batasan-batasan dalam perancangan, pembangunan, pengujian, dan pemeliharaan storage tank, seperti:
- Minimal diameter tangki adalah 1,5 meter
- Minimal tinggi tangki adalah 2,5 meter
- Maksimal tekanan operasi adalah 2,5 psi
- Bahan konstruksi tangki harus memenuhi persyaratan ketahanan kimia dan mekanik
- Desain tangki harus mempertimbangkan beban eksternal dan internal, seperti angin, gempa, dan tekanan hidrostatis
- Perangkat pengukuran tekanan dan suhu harus disertakan dalam desain tangki
- Inspeksi dan pengujian dilakukan secara berkala untuk memastikan integritas tangki
Standar dan Kode
Standar dan kode yang berkaitan dengan storage tank mencakup berbagai aspek, seperti desain, konstruksi, pengujian, pemeliharaan, dan keselamatan. Beberapa standar dan kode yang umum digunakan dalam industri tangki penyimpanan meliputi API 650, API 620, ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC), National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 30, dan International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 28300. Standar dan kode ini bertujuan untuk memastikan kualitas, keamanan, dan ketahanan storage tank, serta melindungi lingkungan dan masyarakat sekitar.
Acceptance Criteria sesuai ASME
ASME BPVC merupakan standar internasional yang menetapkan persyaratan desain, konstruksi, pengujian, dan pemeliharaan tangki penyimpanan tekanan dan bejana tekan. Acceptance criteria sesuai ASME mencakup berbagai aspek, seperti:
- Material yang digunakan dalam konstruksi tangki harus memenuhi persyaratan ketahanan kimia dan mekanik
- Desain tangki harus mempertimbangkan beban eksternal dan internal, serta faktor keamanan yang ditentukan oleh ASME
- Pengujian radiografi, ultrasonik, dan hidrostatik dilakukan untuk memastikan integritas tangki
- Inspeksi dan perawatan berkala diperlukan untuk memastikan kinerja dan keamanan tangki
- Prosedur pengelasan dan personil pengelas harus memenuhi kualifikasi yang ditentukan oleh ASME
Kesimpulan
Storage tank adalah komponen penting dalam berbagai industri, seperti minyak dan gas, kimia, petrokimia, dan lainnya. Dalam artikel ini, kita telah membahas sejarah, pengertian sesuai API 650, tujuan dan fungsi, jenis dan klasifikasi, serta berbagai aspek lainnya mengenai storage tank.
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